pulmonary edema and covid vaccine

Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19 - Final Report. Ther. The frequency and severity of systemic adverse events was higher after dose 2 than dose 1. Pharmacol. (2004). This buildup of fluid leads to shortness of breath. 2023 Apr;201(2):159-170. doi: 10.1007/s00408-023-00615-9. (1999). Med. Sci. Phytomedicine 85, 153242. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153242, Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., et al. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.53.37834, De Logu, F., Patacchini, R., Fontana, G., and Geppetti, P. (2016). For instance, angiotensin II (Ang II) can typically generate vasoconstriction and sodium retention when binding to the AGTR1 receptor and vice versa via the AGTR2 receptor (Garvin et al., 2020). Rev. K+ Channels Regulate ENaC Expression via Changes in Promoter Activity and Control Fluid Clearance in Alveolar Epithelial Cells. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. Role of Drugs Used for Chronic Disease Management on Susceptibility and Severity of COVID19: A Large CaseControl Study. Physiol. Clin. Among all vaccine recipients, 66.6% reported at least one systemic reaction in the 7 days after vaccination. Pharmacol. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help A recent review suggested that low-to-moderate doses of dexamethasone may lower the mortality rate in patients with severe infections (Ahmed and Hassan, 2020) and the latest finding indicated that the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio determines the clinical efficacy of corticosteroid therapy in COVID-19 patients, as a neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio >6.11 associating with lower mortality in patients on corticosteroids (Cai et al., 2021). The TRP Ion Channel Family. Some natural compounds along with their antiviral and reducing pulmonary edema mechanisms are shown in Table 2. Potentially, glucocorticoids can be used as anti-inflammatory drugs in ARDS and pulmonary edema as well as in COVID-19 patients. Wiersinga, W. J., Rhodes, A., Cheng, A. C., Peacock, S. J., and Prescott, H. C. (2020). PMC annals 99 (1), 1216. N. Engl. FIGURE 6. Fatigue, headache, chills, and new or worsened muscle pain were most common. Med. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1302421. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2007764, Bessac, B. F., and Jordt, S.-E. (2008). N. Engl. J. Med. Crit. 110 (25), E2308E2316. 146 (6), 14541455. N. Engl. Eur. Influenza Induces IL-8 and GM-CSF Secretion by Human Alveolar Epithelial Cells through HGF/c-Met and TGF-/EGFR Signaling. Overall, the decreased expression of alveolar Na-K-ATPase, misregulation of sodium, potassium, AQP, and RAS channels and abnormal metabolism of BK and HA can all lead to lung liquid clearance failure and pulmonary edema, resulting in severe lung damage and ARDS in COVID-19 patients (Figure 6 The general regulation approaches of AFC). Physiol. Arek Sarkissian. 2020 Aug 14;15(1):103. doi: 10.1186/s13000-020-01017-8. COVID19 Diagnosis and Management: a Comprehensive Review. COVID-19 Vaccine-Induced Myocarditis: A Systemic Review and - PubMed Biophys. Annu. The stimulation of TRPA1 can cause coughing, hypersecretion of mucus, rapid shallow breathing as well as bronchoconstriction (Bessac and Jordt, 2008; Birrell et al., 2009), which, if persistent, may cause ARDS and other chronic diseases. TRP channels are nonspecific cationic channels located throughout the respiratory system (Clapham et al., 2001), where TRPA1, TRPV1 and TRPV4 are the most abundant TRP subtypes (Kaneko and Szallasi, 2014; Steinritz et al., 2018). Vaccine-induced interstitial lung disease: a rare reaction to COVID-19 Med. 388 (4), 421436. CD44-dependent Intracellular and Extracellular Catabolism of Hyaluronic Acid by Hyaluronidase-1 and -2. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2020-320953, Zhang, J.-L., Zhuo, X.-J., Lin, J., Luo, L.-C., Ying, W.-Y., Xie, X., et al. J. Pathol. Impaired Breakdown of Bradykinin and its Metabolites as a Possible Cause for Pulmonary Edema in COVID-19 Infection. Evolution of the Novel Coronavirus from the Ongoing Wuhan Outbreak and Modeling of its Spike Protein for Risk of Human Transmission. *Correspondence: Hongyue Ma, hongyuema@njutcm.edu.cn; Edyta Marcon, edyta.marcon@utoronto.ca; Jing Zhou, zhoujing_nj@126.com, Abnormal Lung Humoral Metabolism in COVID-19, Conventional Treatment of Pulmonary Edema in COVID-19 Patients, Putative Drug Targets for Pulmonary Edema in COVID-19 Patients, Natural Compounds and Traditional Chinese Medicines for the Treatment of Pulmonary Edema in COVID-19, https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.664349, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2021.664349/full#supplementary-material, http://www.nhc.gov.cn/yzygj/s7653p/202003/46c9294a7dfe4cef80dc7f5912eb1989.shtml. Neurobiol. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. Ann. Fedratinib, an FDA approved JAK2 inhibitor, may be used to reduce the mortality associated with hyperinflammation by suppressing the production of several Th17 cytokines (i.e., IL1b and TNF-alpha, IL21, IL22, IL17) and the formation of pulmonary edema in combination with anti-viral drugs (Yang et al., 2020e). Natl. These cytokine storms can be treated with steroids, IL-1 antagonists, TNF inhibitors, and Janus kinase inhibitor (JAK) inhibitors (McCreary and Pogue, 2020). COVID-19 Vaccine and Pulmonary Embolism: Is There a Link? - Healthline The Role of Proteoglycans in Pulmonaryedema Development. This condition is generally referred to as pulmonary edema and is a direct consequence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. doi:10.3969/j.issn.10065725.2019.19.008, Rasaeifar, B., Gomez-Gutierrez, P., and Perez, J. J. CFTR and NKCC inhibitors show promise in treating pulmonary edema. 63 (3), 457460. Res. Potassium channels up-regulate ENaC expression via activating KvLQT1 pathway so as to control AFC (Bardou et al., 2012). Pharmacol. Repurposing Antimalarials and Other Drugs for COVID-19. Calcium Antagonists and Their Mode of Action: an Historical Overview. (2020b). doi:10.1056/NEJMoa013183, Sayegh, R., Auerbach, S. D., Li, X., Loftus, R. W., Husted, R. F., Stokes, J. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00464.2004, Lung, J., Lin, Y. S., Yang, Y. H., Chou, Y. L., Shu, L. H., Cheng, Y. C., et al. 99 (9), 988995. New theories of the possible link between Covid shots and tinnitus are Semin. CFTR inhibitors, like glibenclamide and CFTRinh-172 inhibitor, distinctly reduced absorptive alveolar fluid transport (Solymosi et al., 2013). It is known that SARS-CoV-2 invades human cells by binding angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) receptor and other membrane ectopeptidases (Xu et al., 2020). It is likely that alveolar fluid clearance (AFC) failure plays a major role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary edema. Currently, these symptoms are the primary consequences of pulmonary virus infection. (2020). Chem. Chem. Physiol. 10.1111/nyas.14472 Exuberant Elevation of IP-10, MCP-3 and IL-1ra during SARS-CoV-2 Infection Is Associated with Disease Severity and Fatal Outcome. There are multiple potential mechanisms leading to pulmonary edema in severe Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) patients and understanding of those mechanisms may enable proper management of this condition. Symptoms that are common to all of these conditions include cough and shortness of breath. Science 367 (6483), 12601263. Sharma, A., Garcia, G., Wang, Y., Plummer, J. T., Morizono, K., Arumugaswami, V., et al. doi:10.1126/science.abb2762, Yang, G., Tan, Z., Zhou, L., Yang, M., Peng, L., Liu, J., et al. Further studies may determine if CD44 inhibitors can be of use to in COVID-19. (2020). J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. The COVID-19 test was negative but with low blood pressure, leukocytosis, skin rash, pulmonary edema, and increased inflammation markers. medRxiv. However, palpable lymphadenopathy commonly involving the axilla as an immune response to vaccination may present a clinical diagnostic dilemma especially in persons with . Physiol. B., and Matthay, M. A. Pulmonary Edema - Symptoms and Causes - University of Pennsylvania Exp. Focusing on decreasing the formation of body fluid in lung or promoting the absorption of body fluid can contribute to a decrease in lung damage and decreased mortality in COVID-19 patients. Pediatr. eCollection 2021. Proteoglycan Involvement during Development of Lesional Pulmonary Edema. Sodium transport is the main ion transport involved in the AFC. In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) a pandemic, therefore the efforts of scientists around the world are focused on finding the right treatment and vaccine for the novel disease. doi:10.1038/labinvest.2016.150, Zhang, P. h., Han, J., Cao, F., Liu, Y. j., Tian, C., Wu, C. h., et al. Acad. doi:10.1074/jbc.M100322200, Udugama, B., Kadhiresan, P., Kozlowski, H. N., Malekjahani, A., Osborne, M., Li, V. Y. C., et al. SODIUM CHANNELS IN ALVEOLAR EPITHELIAL CELLS: Molecular Characterization, Biophysical Properties, and Physiological Significance. Nervous system conditions or surgeries. doi:10.1111/jcmm.15146, Harada, H., and Takahashi, M. (2007). doi:10.1152/ajplung.00085.2001, Ito, Y., Correll, K., Zemans, R. L., Leslie, C. C., Murphy, R. C., and Mason, R. J. The Pfizer study defined their primary endpoint as cases of symptomatic, confirmed COVID-19 occurring at least seven days after the second injection, while Moderna counted symptomatic, confirmed COVID-19 cases occurring at least 14 days after the second injection. Other anti-viral drugs, such as arbidol, chloroquine phosphate and ritonavir, did not exhibit efficacy in randomized, placebo-controlled trials in COVID-19 patients. Med. 2020 Jul;57:102833. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102833. Amiloride, a prototypic inhibitor of ENaC, might also have a potential in treating COVID-19 patients. As in lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury, docosahexaenoic acid and its derivatives stimulate AFC through alveolar ENaC, Na,K-ATPase via ALX/cAMP/PI3K pathway (Wang et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2017). doi:10.1165/rcmb.2014-0225OC, Yu, Q., Wang, D., Wen, X., Tang, X., Qi, D., He, J., et al. doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2005.09.009, Zhuo, X.-J., Hao, Y., Cao, F., Yan, S.-F., Li, H., Wang, Q., et al. J. Biol. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.058, Wang, D., Hu, B., Hu, C., Zhu, F., Liu, X., Zhang, J., et al. Clinical Course and Outcomes of Critically Ill Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a Single-Centered, Retrospective, Observational Study. doi:10.1001/jama.249.2.237, Matalon, S. (1999). The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2021.664349/full#supplementary-material, Abdullah, H., Heaney, L. G., Cosby, S. L., and McGarvey, L. P. A. doi:10.1073/pnas.160041997, Leroy, C., Priv, A., Bourret, J.-C., Berthiaume, Y., Ferraro, P., and Brochiero, E. (2006). JACC: Basic Translational Sci. Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri (IRCCS), Italy. Med. 35 (19), 30142017. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.10044, Lippi, G., South, A. M., and Henry, B. M. (2020). Studies showed that ENaC activators or stimulators can regulate ENaC-dependent fluid absorption in alveolar and pulmonary edema (Fronius, 2013). Pharmacol. (2020b). Natl. Proc. Jiangsu Qing Lan Project for Young Academic Leaders of China. 346, 16311636. SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped RNA coronavirus of the genus , and is the seventh coronavirus which can infect human (Xu et al., 2020). CDC interim clinical considerations and FDA (1998). A., and Cook, D. I. Available: https://covid19.who.int/ (Accessed March 31, 2021). However, among all current treatments mentioned above, little attention has been paid to the abnormal humoral metabolism and pulmonary edema, which is a key factor threatening patients lives. Endocrinology in the Time of COVID-19: Management of Diabetes Insipidus and Hyponatraemia. People with pneumonia, lung cancer, or heart disease may experience chest pain or wheezing. Res. The imbalance of fluid metabolism, pulmonary fluid clearance (PFC) and rich-protein fluid entrance, may be a key reason for the acute exacerbation of pulmonary edema in COVID-19 patients. Role of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4 in Neutrophil Activation and Acute Lung Injury. J. Biol. Maresin1 Stimulates Alveolar Fluid Clearance through the Alveolar Epithelial Sodium Channel Na,K-ATPase via the ALX/PI3K/Nedd4-2 Pathway. Improving the blood circulation can advance the oxygen supply for organs, accelerate the absorption of fluid and eventually improve pulmonary edema. Virol. Toxicol. J. Huazhong Univ. Chinese Medicine (TCMs), already widely used in China, may also be beneficial in addressing pulmonary edema in COVID-19 patients (Zhang et al., 2020; Yang et al., 2020d). As reported, large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels (BKCa) in alveoli can reduce alveoli opening during hypoxia, detect O2 variation, and adjust ion transport and fluid clearance (Jovanovi et al., 2003). The condition presents itself as a slowly evolving pneumonia with insidious early onset interstitial pulmonary edema that undergoes acute exacerbation in the late stages and alveolar edema (Xu et al., 2020; Wiersinga et al., 2020). medRxiv.doi:10.1101/2020.05.20.20107607, Hu, K., Guan, W.-j., Bi, Y., Zhang, W., Li, L., Zhang, B., et al.

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