characteristics of bantu languages pdf

The distances along the axes are scaled to reflect auditory/perceptual intervals; F2 is plotted using a logarithmic scale. (1996) Final Lowering in Kipare. (1976) Le bajele: phonologie, morphologie nominale. Zamba C322 and Ganda JE15 raise a final High tone in question prosody. , with no difference in meaning. Dental and alveolar implosives and clicks may display constriction patterns that differ from those of corresponding pulmonic stops. , Another language with a vowel length contrast, Vili H12, lengthens vowels before liquids (in the environment /C_L/) and before nasals /C_N/ (Roux & Ndinga-Koumba-Binza 2011), but not before NC (Ndinga-Koumba-Binza 2011). Goesche For instance, the number of High tones which may surface in a word or a stem may be limited to one and prominent peaks tend to occur in a predictable position, often the penult (Downing 2010). Paris: Centre de Recherches, dEchanges et de Documentation Universitaire. Proceedings of the 10th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association (Interspeech 2009), 22792282. T. J. & Wentzel A plot of vowel distribution in Nyamwezi F22 is shown in Brenzinger, M. Jessen, M. Using data from these sources, and Leiden: Brill. Both Soga JE16 and Fwe K402 have a vowel length contrast. | Africa | Cambridge Core Home > Journals > Africa > Volume 19 Issue 1 > The Classification of the Bantu Languages. Zare: revue congolaise De Blois, K. F. Clicks are found in many words in Southern Sotho S33 (Guma 1971), but only occur in a few sound symbolic words and interjections in Northern Sotho S32 (Poulos & Louwrens 1994). In The Classification of African Languages Paper presented at LSA Annual Meeting, January Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. Figure 3.26 Figure 3.21 Miller, A. A.-M. The high vowels /i/ and/u/ are lower and more centralised than those in Xhosa S41 and Kalanga S16 and could be transcribed [] and [], respectively. . Figure 3.5 Vowel length contrasts occur in some Bantu languages, which may or may not be accompanied by changes in vowel quality and/or various processes of vowel lengthening (cf. S. 23(4): 459474. A. Mathangwane, J. T. She also uses electropalatography (EPG) to show the susceptibility of stops to coarticulation varies not only by place of articulation, but also according to voice category; aspirated stops are the least susceptible to coarticulation and voiced stops are the most (Monaka 2001). Monaka, K. C. DOI link for The Bantu Languages of Africa. shows very clearly that independent tongue root adjustment does not contribute to the distinctions between any members of the front vowel set /i e /, nor the back vowel set /u o /. (1989) An Acoustic and Perceptual Analysis of Xhosa Vowels. An acoustic plot of these vowels is given in C. In Most words in a Bantu sentence are marked by a prefix indicating the category to which the noun used as the subject of the sentence belongs, and, if there is an object, the words in that noun phrase and the verb are also marked by a prefix determined by the noun class of the object. Cape Town: Centre for Advanced Studies of African Society. Maphalala, Z. 32(2): 161171. (eds. A.-M. In Zulu, for instance, the lexical function is shown in the contrast between yng doctor and yng moon or yl refuse and yl begin. The grammatical function is illustrated in mnt person and mnt it is a person or nghlnz I wash and nghlnz I washing (the participial form). The articulatory contacts can then be examined using stylised displays such as those in The separate South-East and South-West groups of Bantu languages with clicks can be seen in the map of Southern Africa in , (eds. Hyman This illustrates one instance where the occurrence of cross-linguistically less common phonetic segments may be disguised by notational practices. When the sequence is voiced, as in /mg bg/, a quite marked central vocoid separates the two segments. Elmslie, W. A. ] and to be invariably long. , Sections 6-7). , London: Oxford University Press for the International African Institute (IAI). (2015) High Vowel Fricativization as an Areal Feature of the Northern Cameroon Grassfields. Journal of the International Phonetic Association The (post: 303) alveolar // clicks in Zulu S42 (Thomas-Vilakati 2010) and Xhosa S41 (Doke 1926: 303) are retracted in comparison to pulmonic alveolar consonants such as /t/ and /s/. Malcolm Guthrie in his classification of Bantu languages (1967-71) places this language in zone N in the unit N31. 54: 93108. Scott Seifert Downing, L. J. Both languages have contrasts of vowel quantity and compensatory lengthening of vowels before prenasalised stops, but there are interesting differences between the two. The paper . Figure 3.22 Bakker, P. 32(2): 113121. Abstract Professor Guthrie's Comparative Bantu is so impressive in its general layout, so rich in data and so rigorous in its techniques that it constitutes, after such contributions as those of. A closure in the vocal tract is formed by the back of the tongue contacting the roof of the mouth in the velar or uvular area and a second closure is formed in front of the location of this closure by the tip or blade of the tongue or the lips, as shown at timestep 1. (2007) A Qualitative and Quantitative Study of Zulu Affricates. & M. C. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Engstrand and Lodhi (1985) study one such contrast in Swahili G42 and Monaka (2001, 2005) examines a three-way contrast in Kgalagari S311. (2011) Bantu Substratum Interference in Mozambican Portuguese Speech Varieties. Cheucle, M. Because the velar stop burst in the weak click [] is louder than the anterior click burst, it is perhaps not surprising that [k] has come to replace [] for some speakers. An interesting process of intensification of secondary articulations into obstruents occurs, inter alia, in Rwanda JD61 (Jouannet 1983) and Shona S10 (Doke 1931a). (eds. These studies also address several issues in the relation between intonation and tone. Downing, L. J. Next, the closure at the front and/or side of the mouth is released (timestep 4) and the abrupt equalisation of air pressures inside and outside the mouth results in a sharp acoustic transient. Downing, L. J. Pretoria: J.L. Fang A75 vowel formant means. Source: Recording by Pither Medjo Mv made available by D. Demolin; measurements by the first author. , Pitch effects of depressor nasals in the Giryama E72a words /nhane/ eight (left panel) and ideophone /nho/ (right panel). The release of a lateral click is also affricated, occurring initially through a narrow channel quite far back, as shown in frame 170 and continuing in frame 180. The members of the high vowel pairs /i / and /u / in Vove B305 have virtually the same second formant values as each other and differ only in F1. The three front vowels and the three back vowels can therefore be distinguished one from another solely by height. & Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Society. Monakas detailed study combines acoustic data with data about larynx height and vocal fold vibrations obtained using a laryngograph. However, internal developments and external influences create considerable diversity in consonantal and vocalic patterns. Because the place of the dorsal closure is not contrastive, it is not necessary to indicate the (velar in this case) place before the click type symbol. , , Surveys of intonation in Bantu languages include Zerbian and Barnard (2008) and the volume edited by Downing & Rialland (2016a). However, the original notion of a depressor consonant is quite different from this expanded use. What's in a Bantu verb? Actionality in Bantu languages is a very weak click, as indicated by the extended IPA (extIPA) diacritic for a weak articulation, e.g., [], which is similar to the diacritic for an unreleased stop e.g., (c), but placed under the consonant rather than after it. Myers, S. Chichewa (Bantu) - The Handbook of Morphology - Wiley Online Library (2009) The Linguistic Relationship Between Southern and Northern Ndebele. Africana Linguistica A. L. By Malcolm Guthrie, Ph.D. Kerremans 1980). The abbreviations in parentheses may . Journal of the International Phonetic Association Bergen, B. K. A discussion of Bantu phonetics would not be complete without reference to some of the studies of the major prosodic characteristics of the languages. In Figure 3.13 (2000) Coproduction and Coarticulation of Clicks in IsiZulu: Aerodynamic and Electropalatographic Evidence. Namibian Yeyi is described as having 19 click consonants (Gowlett 1997: 257), while Botswana Yeyi speakers vary, having as few as 12 or as many as 22 distinct click consonants (Fulop et al. Voicing is continuous through the closure; upper and lower lines have been constructed on the figure linking respectively the positive and negative peaks in the waveform in order to dramatise the growing amplitude of the voicing during the closure. & (1970) The Augment in the Bantu languages. (1991) Articulatory Phonology and Sukuma aspirated nasals. In Variations in the structure of seven-vowel systems occur which are similar to those of the five-vowel systems. Reports and Papers, 307450. (1997) Languages of the Eastern Caprivi. (1972) The Relationships of Coastal Ndau to the Shona Dialects of the Interior. & Nyamwezi F22 vowel formant means according to measurements by the first author. , Fisch, M. South African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies , Waveform of the middle part of the Tonga S62 word // father, illustrating the increasing amplitude of voicing during the implosive. (2008) Phonetics of Intonation in South African Bantu Languages. Harnsberger , , which represent the arc of the teeth and the vault of the palate. Older accounts of Southern Sotho S33 describe both post-alveolar or sub-laminal retroflex articulations (Doke 1923: 713, 1926: 301). The velar release of a Xhosa S41 dental click is shown in Figure 3.23, which has a waveform and spectrogram of the word caca // be clear. The first unaspirated dental click has a velar burst 17 ms after the anterior click burst. Thornell Hertford: Stephen Austen and Sons. , , (1982) Liquids in Chaga. S. 38(3): 404421. Demolin, D. (2014) Clicks, Concurrency and Khoisan. Hyman, L. M. Diachronica The closures overlap for 100 ms, until frame 140. Cambridge; Oxford: Blackwell. (1996) The Phonology and Morphology of Kimatuumbi. (1990) What Do We Symbolize? Brasington However, these standardised transcriptions may disguise significant differences between languages, especially with respect to the nature of the vowels written /e/ and /o/. (2015) Downstep in Tswana (Southern Bantu). The context-free liberty to vary place of articulation of clicks in some Bantu languages is rarely encountered with other classes of consonants. London: SOAS. Ashby, S. x 2016). Probert Lindberg Pharyngealised vowels /i u o a/ have been reported for Kwasio A81 (Duke & Martin 2012). , As The peak negative pressures reached in clicks are typically -100 hPa or more and may reach over -200, as shown in Figure 3.28. Each point represents the mean of between seven and 27 tokens of unreduced stem-initial vowels spoken by a male speaker. A. & Biesele T. Diemer Greenberg, J. H. Pitch contours illustrating effects of non-depressor and depressor /h/ in Swati S43 (male speaker). (2015) Insights from the Field. In Pretoria: University of South Africa. Maganga, C. , Engstrand, O. He argues that, in two of these languages, Kom and Oku, * raised to /u/ and *u became fricated, sometimes occurring with a schwa [] offglide (Faytak & Merrill 2014). The verb also carries the subject and object prefixes. (1985) The Londo Word: Its Phonological and Morphological Structure. It is found in Malawi, where, since 1968, it has served as the national language; in Mozambique, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Figure 3.34 Naidoo, S. Vossen Mumin In describing clicks, it is customary to talk of the click type and the click accompaniment. Proceedings of the North Eastern Linguistic Society In Create a chart to keep track of your information. 39(2): 129161. Figure 3.4 3. Nasal vowels are not particularly common in the Bantu languages, but are found in certain mostly western areas, for example in Ngungwel B72a of the Teke group (Paulian 1994), in Umbundu R11 (Schadeberg 1982), in Gyele A801 (Renaud 1976) and in a few words in the Bitam variety of Fang A75 (Medjo Mv 1997). Maddieson , and attributable to the fact that F1 and F2 frequencies co-vary in these vowels. & Gowlett, D. F. Theory and Description in African Linguistics: Selected Papers from the 47th Annual Conference on African Linguistics. , Mumba This pattern of co-occurrences is not one which suggests a phonological role for ATR.

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