behavior feedback effect quizlet

Washington, DC. Psychology Exam #4 Flashcards | Quizlet If the facial-feedback hypothesis is correct, then not only do we smile when we feel happy, but smiling can make us feel happy, too. This was achieved by asking each participant to hold a pen in between their teeth (inducing a smile) or between their lips (inducing a frown) while instructed to view comedic cartoons. ), "The Link between Facial Feedback and Neural Activity within Central Circuitries of EmotionNew Insights from Botulinum ToxinInduced Denervation of Frown Muscles", "The effects of BOTOX injections on emotional experience", The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, "Feeling and Facial Efference: Implications of the Vascular Theory of Emotion", "Neuropsychosocial Factors in Emotion Recognition: Facial Expressions", "Botulinum toxin cosmetic therapy correlates with a more positive mood", "Study finds botox effective treatment for depression", "Cosmetic Use of Botulinum Toxin-A Affects Processing of Emotional Language", "Facial Feedback Mechanisms in Autistic Spectrum Disorders", Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Facial_feedback_hypothesis&oldid=1149639106, This page was last edited on 13 April 2023, at 13:51. d. Women surpass men at reading emotional cues. yB~,$}u.KK$5^]qWp^gNdf4}[jGWtrv lP!j|8*[o]WDT@] ueRs2k/W!y9W?~p_C5%C-"M2heu9~]o)(Kl:v=u; vK L xlK{LC-zUy'x)2r I"* VPe=9)P Ht.8|z]Q(]_/fjf+'"Pn=?S^G*zQXHVMB%" !oI\\%]Aq"HAobJ+[7 )HA%J1_";9eB Match the terms with the definitions. emotion. the behavior feedback effect: Term. More meaningful differences have been found in activity in some brain pathways and cortical areas. Positive psychologists use scientific methods to study human flourishing, including topics such as positive emotions, positive health, positive neuroscience, and positive education. A. self-esteem, self-efficacy, and self-serving bias. Freud suggested that defense mechanisms protect an individual from A sense of personal self-worth is called In a crowd of faces, researchers have found that people are quickest to detect a(n)___________ face. You can distinguish between the two by noticing whether something is being taken away or added to the situation. Women tend to read emotional cues more easily and to be more empathic. Even seconds-long filmed slices of behavior can reveal feelings. If an unwanted outcome is being added or applied as a consequence of a behavior, then it is an example of punishment. B. equity. [11] Ritual chanting of smile vowels has been found to be more pleasant than chanting of frown vowels, which may explain their comparative prevalence in religious mantra traditions.[19]. C. self-esteem. In a crowd of faces, researchers have found that people are quickest to detect a (n)___________ face. Definition. C. attitudes; cognitive dissonance According to Bandura, reciprocal determinism involves multidirectional influences among It has been suggested that the treatment of nasal muscles would reduce the ability of the person to form a disgust response which could offer a reduction of symptoms associated with obsessive compulsive disorder.[26]. C. conformity. [10]:264 Laird (1974)[17] used a cover story (measuring muscular facial activity with electrodes) to induce particular facial muscles contraction in his participants without mentioning any emotional state. Women appear to be more sensitive to nonverbal cues than men. "[9], While James included the influence of all bodily changes on the creation of an emotion, "including among them visceral, muscular, and cutaneous effects",[10]:252 modern research mainly focuses on the effects of facial muscular activity. B. reality principle. that facial expressions of emotion tend to intensify the experience of emotion most clearly serves to support A. the behavior feedback effect. B. erogenous zones. The Cannon-Bard theory proposes that our physiological response to an emotion-inducing stimulus occurs at the same time as our subjective feeling of the emotion (one does not cause the other). D. social psychology. However, a 2019 meta-analysis, which generally confirmed small but significant effects, found larger effect sizes in the absence of emotional stimuli, suggesting that facial feedback has a stronger initiating effect rather than a modulating one. Even significant good events, such as sudden wealth, seldom increase happiness for long. Since the behavior (pouting) led to the removal of the aversive stimulus (the veggies), this is an example of negative reinforcement. The third pillar of positive psychology, positive social ecology of healthy families, communal neighborhoods, effective schools, socially responsible media, & civil dialogue, our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience, -Satisfaction comes from income rank, rather than income C. even more convinced that the death penalty should be abolished. Strack, Martin, and Stepper pioneered a technique in which researchers were able to measure the effect of the actions of smiling and frowning on affect through inducing such expressions in an undetectable manner to the participant, offering a supposed level of control not yet before utilized in similar studies. Formalized research on Darwin's and James' proposals were not commonly conducted until the latter half of the 1970s and the 1980s; almost a century after Darwin's first proposal on the topic. B. behaviors, internal personal factors, and environmental events. the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging, competitiveness, achievement orientation, aggressiveness, hostility, impatience. While negative reinforcement can produce immediate results, it may be best suited for short-term use. Sunburn, a fight with your roommate, being late for work, and having to eat vegetables are all negative outcomes that were avoided by performing a specific behavior. While the name of this type of reinforcement often leads people to think that it is a "negative" type of reinforcement, negative reinforcement can have several benefits that can make it a valuable tool in the learning process. A study by Marille Stel, Claudia van den Heuvel, and Raymond C. Smeets[29] has shown that the facial feedback hypothesis does not hold for people with autism spectrum disorders (ASD); that is, "individuals with ASD do not experience feedback from activated facial expressions as controls do". Aversive stimuli tend to involve some type of discomfort, either physical or psychological. D. exert less effort when they are paid by the hour, not by the amount of work completed. If something is being removed in order to avoid or relieve an unwanted outcome, then it is an example of negative reinforcement. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. What are some basic emotions, and what two dimensions help differentiate them? C. self-esteem. The cover story and the procedure were found to be very successful at initiating the required contraction of the muscles without arising suspicion, 'cognitive interpretation of the facial action,[18] and avoiding significant demand and order effects. If you are trying to distinguish between negative reinforcement or punishment, consider whether something is being added or taken away from a situation. Freud referred to the largely conscious "executive" part of the personality as the Several studies have examined the correlation of botox injections and emotion[24][25] and these suggest that the toxin could be used as a treatment for depression. Term. This is an example of Their faces also express more emotion. A. become more distracted from their tasks when working with friends than when working with Last weekend, he went out to play with his friend without cleaning his room. D. convinced that the death penalty should be retained. A. situational influences; personality traits If something desirable is being added, then it is positive reinforcement. (Hint: The Joness oil company has an excellent credit rating. Working memory and reinforcement schedule jointly determine reinforcement learning in children: Potential implications for behavioral parent training. facial feedback effect. D. narcissistic, an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. This article discusses how negative reinforcement works, how it compares to other behavioral learning methods, and how effective it can be in the learning process. The James-Lange theory maintains that emotional feelings follow our body's response to emotion-inducing stimuli. Kendra holds a Master of Science degree in education from Boise State University with a primary research interest in educational psychology and a Bachelor of Science in psychology from Idaho State University with additional coursework in substance use and case management. D. the collective unconscious. Zajonc and LeDoux, however, believe that some simple emotional responses occur instantly, not only outside our conscious awareness, but before any cognitive processing occurs. D. defense mechanism. For example, arguably one of the mostif not the mostinfluential studies on the facial feedback hypothesis was conducted by Fritz Strack, Leonard L. Martin, and Sabine Stepper in 1988. Emotional catharsis may be temporarily calming, but in the long run it does not reduce anger. In a functional neuroimaging study, Andreas Hennenlotter and colleagues[27] asked participants to perform a facial expression imitation task in an fMRI scanner before and two weeks after receiving botox injections in the corrugator supercilii muscle used in frowning. This can be explained by -Relative deprivation The use of guilty knowledge questions and new forms of technology may produce better indications of lying. D. explicit prejudice. c. Research has found all of these things are true. Do the genders differ in their ability to communicate nonverbally? Preventing School Failure: Alternative Education for Children and Youth. Is positive feedback a forgotten classroom practice? Adjusting our behavior or thinking toward a group standard is called All had to fill a questionnaire in that position and rate the difficulty involved. C. situations. One of the first to do so, Silvan Tomkins wrote in 1962 that "the face expresses affect, both to others and the self, via feedback, which is more rapid and more complex than any stimulation of which the slower moving visceral organs are capable". Negative reinforcement can have a powerful effect on behavior, but it tends to be most useful when used as a short-term solution. Anger is most often evoked by misdeeds that we interpret as willful, unjustified, and avoidable. Negative reinforcement can be an effective way to strengthen the desired behavior. When a long period elapses between the behavior and the reinforcer, the response is likely to be weaker. While a plethora of research exists on the facial feedback hypothesis and its variations, only the weak version has received substantial support, thus it is widely suggested that facial expression likely holds a minor facilitative impact on emotional experience. Compared with the explanations we give for men's emotionality, our explanations for women's emotionality are ________ likely to focus on their personal dispositions and ________ likely to focus on their circumstances. -Involves perception that one is worse off relative to comparison group. . Lazarus agreed that many important emotions arise from our interpretations or inferences. What is the feel-good, do-good phenomenon, and what is the focus of positive psychology research? According to terror-management theory, anxiety about our own mortality motivates us to enhance our B. the facial feedback effect . B. exert less effort when they are pooling their efforts toward a common goal. Front Psychol. J Pers Soc Psychol. The social-cognitive perspective emphasizes the interactive influences of our traits and our x\Yq~VOz$WdK!?4M?EDFdb1f 113?tOUX)AW>tm>l7Y_?u50~_^_x}t.C^#f[q&/.|~./d}+%kWfa9^V,pUn*M=0fJ]UC$wT |r| C[]BI^XK4 t@n|PLhGL ylxd- t!!l9X03clzGDh9Z';}?+E#0N!vV)/iE%. khS985hIUdH9MDYo"%nW8WmJ#/d\MzhV|o,9nSo+:CX[w#lB=s!B !4 XQ;= 4|"y 4 lJyug thtiNO Subjective well-being is your perception of being happy or satisfied with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people's quality of life, our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience, the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself, the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging, Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phasesalarm, resistance, exhaustion, under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend, a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine, the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health, the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries, Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people, Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people, alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods, attempting to alleviate stress directlyby changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor, attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to our stress reaction, the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events, the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate, the perception that we control our own fate, the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards, sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; may also alleviate depression and anxiety.

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