causes and effects of the second industrial revolution

It became far easier to get around on trains, automobiles and bicycles. This historic boost in factory output, coupled with the invention of technological marvels such as the telegraph, the telephone, the automobile, and the radio would forever change how Americans lived and worked. Industrial Revolution | Causes & Effects | Britannica We strive for accuracy and fairness. [45], Synthetic dye was discovered by English chemist William Henry Perkin in 1856. Of the many factors that led to the Industrial Revolution, two of the biggest and most significant were the Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812. Ford is a great hero, Freeman says, but the other side of the coin is a nightmarish vision of the factory as Satans province.. The first seagoing iron steamboat was built by Horseley Ironworks and named the Aaron Manby. It also was the period during which modern organizational methods for operating large scale businesses over vast areas came into use. In 1700, before the widespread use of fossil fuels . Other processes were developed for purifying various elements such as chromium, molybdenum, titanium, vanadium and nickel which could be used for making alloys with special properties, especially with steel. [79], The rapid expansion of telegraph networks took place throughout the century, with the first undersea telegraph cable being built by John Watkins Brett between France and England. [3], The concept was introduced by Patrick Geddes, Cities in Evolution (1910), and was being used by economists such as Erich Zimmermann (1951),[4] but David Landes' use of the term in a 1966 essay and in The Unbound Prometheus (1972) standardized scholarly definitions of the term, which was most intensely promoted by Alfred Chandler (19182007). Child Laborers Stripping Tobacco In New York 1873. At the time, chemistry was still in a quite primitive state; it was still a difficult proposition to determine the arrangement of the elements in compounds and chemical industry was still in its infancy. The Industrial Revolution gave way to a sustainable economy, in which supply equaled demand. developed by the Nobel prize-winning chemists Carl Bosch of IG Farben and Fritz Haber in Germany. Social and Political Impact of the Second Phase of the Industrial Revolution. 5) Agricultural Revolution. With the greatly reduced cost of producing pig iron with coke using hot blast, demand grew dramatically and so did the size of blast furnaces.[10][11]. The chemist James Young set up a tiny business refining the crude oil in 1848. The Second Industrial Revolution was a period of rapid industrial development, primarily in the United Kingdom, Germany and the United States, but also in France, the Low Countries, Italy and Japan. The First Industrial Revolution, which ended in the middle of the 19th century, was punctuated by a slowdown in important inventions before the Second Industrial Revolution in 1870. Hot blast was the single most important advance in fuel efficiency of the blast furnace as it greatly reduced the fuel consumption for making pig iron, and was one of the most important technologies developed during the Industrial Revolution. Britain invested less in technological research than the U.S. and Germany, which caught up. The SiemensMartin process complemented rather than replaced the Bessemer process. The work of Michael Faraday and others was pivotal in laying the foundations of the modern scientific understanding of electricity. "Second industrial revolution" has been used in the popular press and by technologists or industrialists to refer to the changes following the spread of new technology after World War I. The Second Industrial Revolution also gave rise to the first workplace safety and work hours laws, including the prohibition of child labor. With his emphasis on vertical integration of parts and assembly line manufacturing, Henry Ford was its king. While factory automation and productivity had been improved by the limited use of First Industrial Revolution inventions such as the steam engine, interchangeable parts, the assembly line, and mass production, most late 19th century factories were still water-powered. A scientific understanding of electricity was necessary for the development of efficient electric generators, motors and transformers. This idea of good hygiene was attractive to people, and also let people live longer and reproduce more, increasing the population. Get instant feedback, extra help and step-by-step explanations. However, his enterprise was unsuccessful due to the prohibitive cost at the time.[36][37][38]. [90], Improvements in steam efficiency, like triple-expansion steam engines, allowed ships to carry much more freight than coal, resulting in greatly increased volumes of international trade. The process of industrialization continues around the world, as do struggles against many of its negative effects, such as industrial pollution and urban crowding. As a far more durable and readily available material, steel soon replaced iron as the standard for railroad rails. [14] His process was especially valuable on the continent of Europe, where the proportion of phosphoric iron was much greater than in England, and both in Belgium and in Germany the name of the inventor became more widely known than in his own country. The voracious appetite for capital of the great trunk railroads facilitated the consolidation of the nation's financial market in Wall Street. What were the causes & effects of the Second Industrial Revolution in It planned and funded a simple cruciform system that connected major cities, ports and mining areas, and linked to neighboring countries. Electrification also allowed the inexpensive production of electro-chemicals, such as aluminium, chlorine, sodium hydroxide, and magnesium.[32]. Not only did the longer sections of steel rails allow for tracks to be laid far faster, more powerful locomotives, which could pull longer trains, which greatly increased the productivity of the railroads. It was an era when industrial growth created a class of wealthy entrepreneurs and a comfortable middle class supported by workers who were made up by immigrants and arrivals from Americas farms and small towns. Robert Longley is a U.S. government and history expert with over 30 years of experience in municipal government and urban planning. The first commercially available steel rails in the US were manufactured in 1867 at the Cambria Iron Works in Johnstown, Pennsylvania. This difference was most notable in the states with the largest populations, such as New York and Pennsylvania. And factory workersincluding womenthen had the money to buy these products. Its main advantages were that it did not expose the steel to excessive nitrogen (which would cause the steel to become brittle), it was easier to control, and that it permitted the melting and refining of large amounts of scrap steel, lowering steel production costs and recycling an otherwise troublesome waste material. The Industrial Revolution: Causes & Effects | StudySmarter Causes and Effects - The Industrial Revolution Identifying Causes & Effects of the Second Industrial Revolution

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